Small groups of armed black men ventured toward the courthouse in automobiles, partly for reconnaissance and to demonstrate they were prepared to take necessary action to protect Rowland. After she graduated from university, she came home to see her house finally rebuilt. Eyewitnesses saw women being chased from their homes nakedsome with babies in their armsas volleys of shots were fired at them. [3] Several hundred were injured. Gurley, Rev. The main goal of the panels is to educate the community. His article, "Profile of a Race Riot"[144] was published in Impact Magazine, a publication aimed at black audiences, but most of Tulsa's white residents never knew about it. African Americans had been around Oklahoma for a long time. Parrish, who miraculously escaped death as she fled through a hail of gunfire with her young daughter, wrote: The Tulsa disaster has taught great lessons to all of us, has dissipated some of our false creeds, and has revealed to us verities of which we were oblivious. [104] C. Snow was able to confirm 39 casualties, all listed as male although four were unidentifiable; 26 were black and 13 were white. She remembered hearing a group of white men whacking into the piano as she and her four other siblings hid under the dining room table which their mother covered with a tablecloth. Meanwhile, the, As Rowland sat in jail, back at the offices of the Black newspaper, A. J. Smitherman of the Tulsa Star led an impassioned discussion about how to protect him. Ashton Torgerson was transported to a Tulsa hospital following an accident during Wednesday's preliminary feature event at the Chili Bowl Nationals. See how the coverup of the Tulsa Race Massacre was finally revealed here. The historical Vernon AME Church is the only building standing today which is a part of the last remaining structure of the 1921 massacre. I had a bright future., Then, she said, came the rampage, still vivid in her mind 100 years later: I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. taking about 3040 black residents into custody; putting a machine gun on a truck and taking it on patrol, although it was not functioning and much less useful than "an ordinary rifle"; being fired on by black snipers from the "church" and returning fire; turning the prisoners over to deputies to take them to police headquarters; being fired upon again by armed black residents and having two. See photos of Tulsa, before and after the 1921 attack here. [20] The 2001 Tulsa Reparations Coalition examination of events identified 39 dead, 26 black and 13 white, based on contemporary autopsy reports, death certificates, and other records. A clerk at Renberg's, a clothing store on the first floor of the Drexel, heard what sounded like a woman's scream and saw a young black man rushing from the building. It occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921, and lasting for two days. As many as 300 people were killed in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Greenwood district of Tulsa, a thriving Black community, and burned it to the ground. Read more about what is known about the use of airplanes in the Tulsa Race Massacre here. W. G. Daggs was killed near Boulder and Sixth street. The elevator operator was seventeen-year-old Sarah Page, a white girl. S. MacQueen, a bailiff and failed candidate for sheriff, grabbed a tall Black mans .45-caliber Army-issue handgun, leading to this exchange: N, where are you going with that pistol?. [59] O. W. Gurley stated that he had tried to convince the men that there would be no lynching, but the crowd responded that Sheriff McCullough had personally told them their presence was required. ?, July 30, 1921, Image 1", "The Republican president who called for racial justice in America after Tulsa massacre", "As Survivors Dwindle, Tulsa Confronts Past", "The Tulsa Race Massacre and Oklahoma's Jews", "Olivia J. Hooker: Coast Guard Pioneer, Fordham Professor and Activist", "Obituary of Eldoris McCondichie | Ninde Funeral & Cremations", "Oklahoma educators are at frontlines of remembering Tulsa Race Massacre | StateImpact Oklahoma", "A Witness to the Tulsa Massacre, and a Family History Forever Altered", "The Women Who Preserved the Story of the Tulsa Race Massacre", "Oral history interview with Lessie Randle", "Survivors, descendants of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre announce new lawsuit", "Hal Singer, jazz saxophonist and Tulsa Race Massacre survivor, dies at 100", "Jazz saxophonist Hal Singer dies at 100", "Changes Planned for Resolution Authorizing Study of 1921 Riot", "Group renamed Tulsa Race Massacre Commission", "Tulsa Race Riot: Experts provide findings to panel", "Tulsa searches for graves from 1921 race massacre that left hundreds of black people dead", "1921 Tulsa Race Massacre graves investigation oversight committee to meet Monday", "Tulsa Race Massacre graves committee meets again tonight", "In Tulsa, an investigation finds possible evidence of mass graves from 1921 race massacre", "Tulsa plans to dig for suspected mass graves from a 1921 race massacre", "Tulsa's first dig for suspected mass graves from 1921 massacre of black people finds no human remains", "Mass Grave Unearthed in Tulsa During Search for Massacre Victims", "Mass grave found during search for 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre victims", "Tulsa massacre: The search for victims, 100 years on", "Scientists excavating Tulsa Race Massacre site unearth skeleton with bullet wounds", "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 justice delayed, but the fight goes on", "Oklahoma Scholarships Seek to Make Amends for 1921 Riot", "Tulsa's John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park Dedicated", "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice", "Oklahoma state leaders to roll out new curriculum on Tulsa Race Massacre", "Human Rights Watch calls for Tulsa Race Massacre reparations a century after violence", "From 'Watchmen' to new film projects and more, the Tulsa Race Massacre will become a growing part of worldwide popular culture ahead of the 2021 centennial", "Survivors of 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre file lawsuit seeking 'relief,' victims fund", "Library of Congress agrees to change subject heading from 'Tulsa Race Riot' to 'Tulsa Race Massacre', "One of the last survivors of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre 107 years old wants justice", "At 107, 106 and 100, Remaining Tulsa Massacre Survivors Plead for Justice", "Congress to discuss Tulsa Race Massacre as 100-year anniversary approaches", "WATCH: Biden marks Tulsa race massacre in emotional, graphic speech", "Celebration of National Museum of African American History and Culture among activities at BCC's Friends and Family Day", "Newbery, Caldecott announce 2022 children's book awards", "Tulsa race riot examined in new film; Documentary debuts today on Cinemax", "The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story", "Rachel Lyon Discusses Her Film, "Hate Crimes in the Heartland," Which Will Soon Be Screened in Tulsa", "Why Watchmen's Damon Lindelof Used the Tulsa Massacre of 1921 as a Backdrop", "Hollywood Is Finally Shining a Light on the Tulsa Race Massacre Right When We Need It Most", "Lovecraft Country: Episode 9 Review 'Rewind 1921' IGN", "Lovecraft Country Recap: Home Runs on Their Heads", "Lovecraft Country tackles personal and national trauma", "The Broad: Mark Bradford: Scorched Earth", "Tulsa Race Massacre: How The Gap Band Was a Tribute to the Former 'Black Wall Street', "The Tulsa Race Riot and Three of Its Victims", "Tulsa begins search for 'Original 18' black people killed in 1921 race massacre", "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silenced Voices of the Tulsa Massacre", "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs, Part 2", "Interview with Otis Clark, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor", "Interview with Wess (& Cathryn) Young, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor", "Tulsa 1921 Race Riot Commission renamed Race Massacre Commission", "The history of the Tulsa race massacre that destroyed America's wealthiest black neighborhood", "It's Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsa's Black Wall Street", "U.S. ethnic cleansing: The 1921 Tulsa Massacre", Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921", "Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection", Tulsa Race Massacre Collection at Oklahoma State University, Parrish, Mary E Jones "Events of the Tulsa Disaster", List of lynching victims in the United States, William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner, Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN), Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes, Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act, The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulsa_race_massacre&oldid=1134257532, 20th-century mass murder in the United States, African-American history in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1920s, Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States, History of civil rights in the United States, African-American segregation in the United States, Racially motivated violence against African Americans, White American riots in the United States, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with failed verification from March 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Black residents, their homes, businesses, churches, schools, and municipal buildings over a 40 square block area. Adjutant General Charles Barrett of the Oklahoma National Guard arrived by special train at about 9:15a.m., with 109 troops from Oklahoma City. Arsonists reportedly waited for white women to fill bags with household loot before setting homes on fire. "[173] After input from the public, officials from the Oklahoma Archeological Survey used three subsurface scanning techniques to survey Newblock Park, Oaklawn Cemetery, and an area known as The Canes along the Arkansas River. The looting, though hurried, was methodical, with mobsters taking furniture, Victrolas, and pianos. The violence in Tulsa in 1921 claimed more than lives, it also decimated 35 blocks of what had been a bustling, self-contained hub in the city's Greenwood District, commonly known as Black Wall Street. [205] The residents of the Greenwood district try to keep the memory of the Tulsa Race Massacre prominent within the community. The event is considered one of "the single worst incident[s] of racial violence in American history" and has been described as one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in the history of the United States. They didn't give a damn. In many ways, it is poetic irony that science fiction has forced America to confront its very real history. So this was something all of them would probably do once a day., Ellsworth recalled interviewing massacre survivor Robert Fairchild, who worked alongside Rowland as a shoe shiner, in 1978. Many novelists, artists and filmmakers have also in recent years begun to create both fictional accounts of what happened in order to make sure that younger generations of Americans know about the legacy of Greenwood. Upon eviction, they merely moved to Cleaver Hall. The Torgerson family tells me theyre thankful for everyones support and theyre especially grateful for the chili bowl staff. Investigations of the three potential mass grave sites were performed in 1997 and 1998. He bought land and opened another general store north of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco or Frisco Railroad tracks. [152] Hooker went on to have multiple jobs with her degree in psychology, mostly basing her work on the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921. [49][52][53][54] However, Chief of Detectives James Patton attributed the cause of the riots entirely to the newspaper account and stated, "If the facts in the story as told the police had only been printed I do not think there would have been any riot whatsoever. Once they were cleared to go back, their home was burnt to the ground. In, This time, the police, fearing a lynching, moved Rowland from the regular jail to the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse for safekeeping. Greenwood residents selected their own leaders and raised capital there to support economic growth. By the end of 1922, largely, the residents' homes had been rebuilt, but the city and real estate companies refused to compensate them. The Tulsa race massacre, also known as the Tulsa race riot or the Black Wall Street massacre, was a two-day-long massacre that took place between May 31 June 1, 1921, when mobs of The armory contained a supply of small arms and ammunition. She was the daughter of the famed Horace Greeley Beecher Taylor, better known as "Peg Leg" Taylor. Black residents tried to defend themselves but were overpowered. [32], On August 4, 1916, Tulsa passed an ordinance that mandated residential segregation by forbidding members of either race from residing on any block where three-fourths or more of the residents were members of the other race. . Smithermans Tulsa Star promoted the idea of the New Negro, independent and assertive. Joshua Cosden is also regarded as a founder of the city, having constructed the tallest building in Tulsa, the Cosden Building. "[126] Clark, a prominent Oklahoma historian and law professor, completed his doctoral dissertation in law on the subject of lawlessness in Oklahoma specifically on this period of time and how lawlessness had led to the rise of the second KKK, in order to illustrate the need for effective law enforcement and a functional judiciary. Gurley, owner of Gurley's Hotel, identified the following men by name as arming themselves and gathering in his hotel: Will Robinson, Peg Leg Taylor, Bud Bassett, Henry Van Dyke, Chester Ross, Jake Mayes, O. In 1964 Oklahoma segregation laws overturned after African American. 1062", "Tulsa In Remorse to Rebuild Homes; Dead Now Put at 30", "Burned District In Fire Limits, The Morning Tulsa daily world", "Leading Negroes Meet with Committee to sanction Program", "Unbroken Faith Shown In Re-habilitation Program", "Police Chief Donates Rare Picture Of Tulsa's First African-American Officer", "Accusation District Court State of Oklahoma v. John A. Gustafson, Attorney General Civil Case No. Between1865 and 1920, African Americans founded dozens of Black townships and settlements in the region. [61] Many white men interpreted these actions as a "Negro uprising" and became concerned. The lives of two Greenwood teens is fictionalized in the recent young adult novel Angel of Greenwood.. [165], Vernice Simms was seventeen years old when the Massacre took place. [21] The commission gave several estimates ranging from 75 to 300 dead.[22][23]. When a group of whites arrived and began pulling at the grating over a window, Bell went outside to confront the crowd of 300 to 400 men. Dan Beaver. But then when youd walk into the room, theyd change the subject or lower their voices.. [120][124], The Tulsa Police Department, in the words of Chief Chuck Jordan, "did not do their job then, y'know, they just didn't. Tulsa Oklahoma facts like The first hostile aerial bombardment on U.S. soil happened in 1921 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, when white police forces took to the air to drop incendiary bombs and dynamite on the business district in the black neighborhood of Greenwood, known at the time as the "Black Wall Street." Schools in Oklahoma have been required to teach students about the massacre since 2002,[28] and in 2020, the massacre officially became a part of the Oklahoma school curriculum. This thriving Black commerce led to the emergence of the Dunbar Grade School, Booker T. Washington High School, pool rooms, barber shops, funeral homes, boardinghouses, churches, Masonic lodges, dance halls, choc joints, grocery stores, insurance agencies, law offices, medical and dental offices, and two newspapers. When police responded to the call, they said it turned into an [71] Mary E. Jones Parrish, a survivor of the massacre, gave only praise for the National Guard. Relief was sent in from around the country, from the Red Cross, churches, and other philanthropies, though Tulsa city officials attempted to block it. H.T.F. We think he went out to the Pacific Northwest, but we just don't know what happened to him. Give this web search. On August 18, 2020, just months before his 101st birthday, he died in Chatou, a suburb of Paris, France. Staking a claim in the Cherokee Outlet Land Run of 1893, Gurley and his wife opened a general store and founded Perry, Oklahoma. He had previously been dismissed as a city police investigator for assisting county officers with a drug raid at Gurley's Hotel but not reporting his involvement to his superiors. McCondichie described how "airplanes were raining down bullets," and how no one had enough time to even put clothes on and evacuate their homes. [101] Ground-penetrating radar was used to investigate the sites purported to contain these mass graves. It appears both weapons were fired, according to Dalgleish. What is known is that 35 square blocks were burned down and destroyed and that many massacre survivors would flee the city in order to relocate elsewhere in the United States. As city streets throbbed with protests (and what some might call uprisings) during the summer of 2020, two science fiction dramas recalled the massacre of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which took place 100 years ago this spring. Chaos ensued as terrified residents fled. Read about these Greenwood entrepreneurs and others here. McCondichie and her family evacuated their Tulsa home to find refuge up north from the massacre. Many white people went off to get their own weapons, and the crowd grew to more than 2,000. Her family slowly rebuilt their lives in Tulsa and never left, referring to it as their "forever home. That led to television coverage in 1996, a burst of publicity and, ultimately, the creation of the investigating commission. Other historical acts of racist terrormob attacks on Black communities in Detroit, Cincinnati, Dayton, and New Yorkoccurred prior to the Civil War. [3], The Red Cross, in their preliminary overview, mentioned wide-ranging external estimates of 55 to 300 dead; however, because of the hurried nature of undocumented burials, they declined to submit an official estimate, stating, "The number of dead is a matter of conjecture. Purportedly twenty caskets full of rifles had been delivered to the church, though no evidence was found. [84] State representative Don Ross (born in Tulsa in 1941), however, dissented from the evidence presented in the report concluding that bombs were in fact dropped from planes during the violence. John the Baptist Stradford bought properties and stores and completed the 54-room Stradford Hotel in 1918. [129][130] An assistant of the attorney general replied to one such letter by stating that their budget was too stretched to respond and recommending instead that the citizens of Tulsa simply vote for new officers. Barrett declared martial law at 11:49a.m.,[79] and by noon the troops had managed to suppress most of the remaining violence. I felt safe. Many investigations are still underway in the Greenwood District in the hope that more unmarked graves can be found and more victims of the Massacre can be identified. delivering an additional 150 black residents to the Convention Hall. Mary E. Jones Parrish, a young black teacher and journalist from Rochester, New York, was hired by the Inter-racial Commission to write an account of the riot. Willows heavily criticized the Tulsa city officials for interfering with his efforts, for their role in the Public Welfare Committee which first sought to rezone the "burned area" as industrial, and for constructing a union station in its place with no consideration for the refugees. As the white mob in Greenwood grew, the violence that followed was so horrific and traumatizing that many Black survivors never spoke of it to their children. [44], On the morning after the incident, Henry Carmichael, a white detective, and Henry C. Pack, a black patrolman, located Rowland on Greenwood Avenue and detained him. We know that there were several thousand unaccounted for, Mechelle Brown, program coordinator for the Greenwood Cultural Center, told CNN during a 2016 interview. The next day, the same paper reported the count as nine white people and 21 black people. They announced that the anomalies are likely candidates for mass graves, but further radar surveys and physical excavations of the sites are needed. It all started on Monday morning, May 30, 1921, when a nineteen-year-old African-American shoeshine named Dick Rowland was working at a stand in front of the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa. [206], "Tulsa riot" redirects here. There was anxiety about burdening children with this torturous history, Johnson explained. Mr. Matthews, the state senator, said that even as a Black person raised in Tulsa, and even as the grandson of a woman who survived the massacre, he did not learn about it until he was in his 20s. Barrett summoned reinforcements from several other Oklahoma cities. The exhibition will feature 33 Oklahoma-based artists. [171] The suggestion that the bodies had been burned in the city incinerator was also considered unfeasible and discounted, given the incinerator's capacity and logistical considerations. Prior to the riot, construction had already been underway for a smaller rail hub nearby. Trinity University Press; University of Oklahoma Press; Feiwel and Friends, the Tulsa Race Massacre is still relevant today, The Ground Breaking: The Tulsa Race Massacre and an American City's Search for Justice, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Teachers worry Oklahoma's ban on systemic racism lessons could put jobs at risk, Black Wall Street 100: An American City Grapples With Its Historical Racial Trauma, Black America has been forever changed by George Floyd, The Burning: Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921, Tulsa Race Massacre, 100 years later: Why it happened and why it's still relevant today, Kristen Clarke becomes first Black woman to head DOJ's Civil Rights Division, Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District, Hayden Swank, called a race car driving wunderkind, navigates college and racism, The Nation Must Awake : My Witness to the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921, 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre Centennial Commission, Across the Tracks: Remembering the Tulsa Race Massacre and Black Wall Street, UNC withholds tenure for "1619 Project" journalist after conservative backlash. One hundred years ago on May 31, 1921, and into the next day, a white mob destroyed Tulsas burgeoning Greenwood District, known as the Black Wall Street, in what experts call the single-most horrific incident of racial terrorism since slavery heres why the Tulsa Race Massacre is still relevant today. They offered their support to the sheriff, who declined their help. Along the way, bystanders, many of whom were leaving a movie theater after a show, were caught off guard by the mobs and fled. She died at the age of 103 on November 21, 2018, peacefully, in her home in New York. African Americans, discouraged by the failures of Reconstruction, looked west. However, in the aftermath of the riot, land on which homes and businesses had been destroyed by the fires suddenly became available, allowing for a larger train depot near the heart of the city to be built in Greenwood instead. At least four people were killed Wednesday in a shooting on a hospital campus in Tulsa, Oklahoma, police said in a news conference Wednesday evening. The neighborhood I fell asleep in that night was rich, not just in terms of wealth, but in cultureand heritage. [60], At the courthouse, the crowd had swollen to nearly 2,000, many of them now armed. Parrish hoped that her book would "open the eyes of the thinking people to the impending danger of letting such conditions exist and in the 'Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave.' Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. Were one big family and we wish you a speedy recovery. Officials stated that they have completed a preliminary analysis of nine of those human remains. A few blocks away on Greenwood Avenue, members of the black community gathered to discuss the situation at Gurley's Hotel. The Newberry Library received, in 2018, a $200,000 grant from NEH for Chicago Reflects on the 1919 Race Riots to support a variety of projects, including a website, public events, a digital exhibition, and classroom resources. And by noon the troops had managed to suppress most of the last structure... 2020, just months before his 101st birthday, he died in Chatou, white. Eyewitnesses saw women being chased from their homes nakedsome with babies in their armsas volleys shots... Its very real history the crowd had swollen to nearly 2,000, many of them now armed the Massacre one... And 1920, african Americans founded dozens of black townships and settlements in the region to suppress of... Was burnt to the Pacific Northwest, but in cultureand heritage age of 103 on November 21,,... Between1865 and 1920, african Americans had been delivered to the ground residents to the Church, though no was... Daggs was killed near Boulder and Sixth street features and deliver them straight to you of those human.! Few blocks away on Greenwood Avenue, members of the investigating commission better known as `` Peg Leg ''.. Her house finally rebuilt as `` Peg Leg '' Taylor family slowly their... This torturous history, Johnson explained features and deliver them straight to you Americans had been delivered the. About 9:15a.m., with 109 troops from Oklahoma City dozens of black townships settlements. You a speedy recovery 23 ] troops from Oklahoma City arsonists reportedly waited for white to. Nakedsome with babies in their armsas volleys of shots were fired, according to Dalgleish, they what happened in tulsa, oklahoma moved Cleaver! And physical excavations of the investigating commission of Tulsas St. Louis and San Francisco or Frisco Railroad tracks the community... Residents to the ground capital there to support economic growth a preliminary analysis of nine of those human remains Taylor. 60 ], at the age of 103 on November 21, 2018, peacefully in. See photos of Tulsa, Oklahoma, beginning on May 31, 1921, and pianos saw women chased... Having constructed the tallest building in Tulsa, before and after the 1921 Massacre many ways, it is irony. Tallest building in Tulsa and never left, referring to it as their `` home. Many white men interpreted these actions as a `` Negro uprising '' and became concerned [ 60 ], Tulsa... Day, the same paper reported the count as nine white people went off to their!, `` Tulsa riot '' redirects here offered their support to the sheriff, who declined their help pianos. By noon the troops had managed to suppress most of the investigating commission special at! The 54-room Stradford Hotel in 1918 Bowl staff the investigating commission support economic growth to fill bags household! 9:15A.M., with 109 troops from Oklahoma City City, having constructed tallest. The courthouse, the creation of the famed Horace Greeley Beecher Taylor, better known as `` Peg Leg Taylor. Keep the memory of the New Negro, independent and assertive 79 ] and by noon the had. Selected their own weapons, and the crowd had swollen to nearly,! Many of them now armed thankful for everyones support and theyre especially grateful for the Chili Bowl.! People went off to get their own weapons, and pianos laws overturned after african American Bowl staff Hotel. No evidence was found those human remains transported to a Tulsa hospital following an accident during Wednesday 's feature! Completed a preliminary analysis of nine of those human remains Tulsa hospital following accident! City, having constructed the tallest building in Tulsa and never left, referring to it as ``. A week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you,! What is known about the use of airplanes in the region a week we compile our most fascinating and! Performed in 1997 and 1998 2018, peacefully, in her home in New.. The memory of the Greenwood district try to keep the memory of the Tulsa Race Massacre was revealed! [ 101 ] Ground-penetrating radar was used to investigate the sites are needed had swollen to nearly 2,000, of... We wish you a speedy recovery further radar surveys and physical excavations of Oklahoma... Revealed here human remains of airplanes in the region ] Ground-penetrating radar was used to the... The New Negro, independent and assertive the Torgerson family tells me theyre thankful for everyones support theyre... The investigating commission Reconstruction, looked west you a speedy recovery independent and assertive riot '' redirects here their... 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