, The HMI Prisons section refers to race rather than ethnicity as this was the term used in the survey. People from a Black, Asian, 'Mixed' or 'Chinese and other' background were over-represented as defendants in the criminal justice system in 2019, according to Ministry of Justice (MoJ) data. Of those who received a suspended sentence order, higher proportions of White and Mixed ethnicity offenders received rehabilitation requirements[footnote 60], whereas higher proportions of Black, Asian and Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders received unpaid work requirements. Proportion of sentence served is affected by factors such as offence mix and behaviour in prison. It published the data today in new crime figures showing there were 695 homicides in the year . Figure 4.01: Numbers of stop and searches by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2016/17 to 2020/21, Comparisons between London and the rest of England and Wales. Lower GPRs of defendants from minority ethnic groups will likely be related to the higher proportion deciding to elect to be tried by a jury at Crown Court. In the 2011 Census the proportion in each ethnic group was as follows: 87% White, 3% Black, 6% Asian, 2% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. Individuals with an unknown or not stated ethnicity are not included in the analysis, because it is impossible to tell where they should be counted. In 2020, 70% of the legally aided prison law workload related to White defendants, 11% to Black, 8% to Other, 6% to Mixed and 5% to Asian. . As observed in Chapter 5, White prisoners have consistently received the shortest ACSL in comparison to other ethnic groups. Convictions by offence group may be influenced by factors other than ethnicity. So 61% of the population is committing 58% of the violent crimes, so the math lines up. These are the main factors that have been contributing to crime in the contemporary world. In the absence of any court outcome, the principal suspect is either the person considered by the police to be the most involved in the homicide or the person with the closest relationship to the victim. Asian individuals had the highest proportion of fines given, at 23%, in comparison to White individuals (16%). This chapter provides statistics relating to offenders in custody or under supervision in the community. Postal Point 10.31, Floor 10. In 2020, of all defendants remanded in custody for indictable offences at Crown Court, 77% were sentenced to immediate custody; an increase from 72% in 2016. , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. Principal suspects in homicides with all other ethnicities were most likely to be a stranger (Black 43%, Asian 28%, Other 65%). During this three-year period, 38% of Black homicide victims were of age 20 or younger; 13% of White, 24% of Asian and 33% of Other ethnicity homicide victims were in this age group. Our policy in handling revisions is to be transparent with users about: How and when to expect revisions as part of our standard processes. It is not possible to make any causal links between ethnicity and CJS outcomes. There are various reasons why the police may carry out a stop and search, for example they may suspect an individual is carrying drugs or a weapon. For example, in 2020, Black defendants were 16% less likely to enter a guilty plea than White defendants in Crown Court [footnote 48]. Tue 30 Jun 2020 19.01 EDT Last modified on Wed 1 Jul 2020 12.15 EDT. The reoffending rate was highest for children across all ethnic groups compared to adults. There was a greater number of male than female homicide victims in all ethnic groups. In comparison to the period 2011/12 to 2013/14, homicides increased 25%, with a 4pp increase in the proportion of victims from the Black ethnic group, whilst the proportion of those from the White ethnic group decreased 6pp. In 2020, White male and female offenders had the shortest ACSL, 20.2 months and 12.6 months respectively, while Asian male and female offenders had the longest ACSL, 28.9 months and 22.3, respectively. The Ministry of Justice aims to avoid the need for revisions to publications unless they are absolutely necessary and put systems and processes in place to minimise the number of revisions. This was largely because people from these ethnic groups made up a disproportionate share of people arrested, and this carried through to the . For indictable offences, ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of male prosecutions and convictions compared to females. Similar proportions were seen across ethnic groups, ranging from 72% for Black defendants to 78% for White defendants. In 2020, Asian offenders had the longest ACSL for drug offences, at 46.2 months, the Chinese or Other group had the shortest (31.8 months), while all other ethnic groups ranged from 38.0 to 39.8 months. This is the latest biennial compendium of Statistics on Ethnicity (formerly Race) and the Criminal Justice System and follows on from its sister publication Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System published last year. This is a key statistics relevant to the A-level Sociology crime and deviance module. This overall trend is influenced by the higher number of stop and searches carried out in London, where stop and search arrests accounted for 26% of total arrests, which has increased from 17% in 2016/17. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. A larger proportion of arrests in London were for suspects from minority ethnic groups, at 55%, compared to 16% across the rest of England and Wales. A higher proportion of Mixed suspects received the principal outcome of arrest at 14%, compared to 13% of Black suspects, 12% of White suspects, 11% of Other ethnicity suspects and 10% of Asian suspects. Figure 7.02: Average custodial sentence lengths (ACSL) for indictable offences, by sex and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020, Figure 7.03: Age of defendant proceeded against at court for indictable offences by ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020. The ACSL, for indictable offences, for male offenders has increased over the last five years for all ethnic groups. The proportion of suspects stopped and searched remained relatively stable across most ethnic groups, with a decrease from 21% to 17% for the Black ethnic group. Proportions of defendants prosecuted for production, supply and intent to supply varied by year, with Black, Asian and Mixed defendants accounting for the highest proportions of defendants for Class A drugs (each 30% in 2020), while the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for t Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. Of these, 79% were White, 12% Black, 4% Asian, 4% Mixed ethnicity, and 1% Chinese or Other ethnicities. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons for England & Wales (HMI Prisons) aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. Figure 5.08: Relative Rate Index (RRI): Defendants who entered a guilty plea per all that entered a plea at Crown Court, 2016 2020, England and Wales. Since 2016, White defendants have had a consistently lower average custodial sentence length (ACSL) than other ethnic groups. A higher proportion of Mixed ethnicity offenders received a release result (61%), in contrast with a lower proportion of Chinese or Other ethnicity offenders (47%)[footnote 56]. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. The most common sentencing outcome across all ethnic groups for sexual offences was immediate custody. For those sentenced to custody, where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant to the 95% level, this will be stated. These provide criminologists, the police and the media with two types of data. In 2020, of prisoners whose ethnicity was known[footnote 49], 73% were White, 13% Black, 8% Asian, 5% Mixed and 1% from Other ethnic groups. If you have any feedback about the changes referred to in the introduction, or the report more generally, please contact the production team through the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. Limitations of Current Statistical Information The police in all States and Terri-tories are a major source of crime statistics, but these statistics refer only to crimes reported to and/or detected by police. , Persistent absence is when a pupil enrolments overall absence equates to 10 per cent or more of their possible sessions. Individuals from the Black ethnic group also had the lowest proportion of suspended sentences, at 14% in 2020. They include statistics on: Victims of crime, Police activity (stops and searches, and arrests), Reasons for searches that resulted in arrest[footnote 28]. Last modified on Fri 19 Nov 2021 00.29 EST. In 2020, the custody rate for possession of weapons offences was highest for Black and Mixed offenders at 38%, the custody rate for White offenders was 36%, and 29% for both Asian and Chinese or Other offenders. In 2020, 70% of defendants were from the White ethnic group, 17% Black ethnic group, 7% Asian ethnic group, 5% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. Similarly, a higher proportion of Black young offenders (83%) had been recorded as being suspended, compared to White (79%), Asian (74%) and Other (74%) offenders[footnote 80]. Controlling for offence mix between ethnic groups also impacted on custody rates. The lower ACSL for White defendants may be a result of a higher percentage of guilty plea rates for this ethnic group, resulting in shorter custodial sentences. As shown in Figure 5, the trend had increased since 2016 and stopped in 2020. the officer found what they were searching for), and those where the item found was not what the officer was searching for, or where nothing was found. Broadly, all ethnic groups had similar overall sentencing outcomes. To avoid inconsistency in the length of their offending histories, for those with an academic year of 2008/09 their offending data has been considered up to 31 August 2016 and for those with an academic year of 2009/10 it has been considered up to 31 August 2017. This proportion varied between 10% and 17% for all other ethnic groups in 2020/21. Where changes to data systems or data quality issues do not allow for this, trends have been presented for the longest periods possible. Of offenders receiving either type of order, 84% were White, 6% Black, 5% Asian, 3% Mixed ethnic groups and 1% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. For more information on stop and search legislation, please see the accompanying guidance document. , Ethnicity was recorded for 96.5% of offenders supervised on post-release licence in 2020. This total includes exclusions from previous schools covered by the exclusion legislation. Figure 7.06: Adult reoffending rate by age group and ethnicity, April 2018 to March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales. The ethnic profile of practitioners in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) has become slightly more diverse over the last 5 years. 11/1/2011 10/1/2011 11/1/2010. The Chinese or Other ethnic group had the highest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 62%, whereas the White ethnic group had the lowest number of defendants remanded in custody, at 42%. In Gilroy's view, ethnic minority crime can be seen as a form of political resistance against a racist society, and this resistance . 0.6489795918367347 0.64323607427055707 Graham and Bowling (1995) Found that blacks (43%) and whites (44%) had similar and almost identical rates of crime, but Asians actually had lower rates (Indians- 30%, Pakistanis-28% and Bangladeshi-13%). The number of stop and searches carried out by police has risen by 24% to almost 700,000 in a single year, with officers using the tactic on the . , The Police National Computer has a 6+1 ethnicity classification. , Pupils at the end of Key Stage 4 are typically aged 15 and 16; please see A Technical Guide to Statistics on Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System, 2020 for further details. Unfortunately, we do not hold data on offences . Periodically, political and media discourse focuses on the myth of 'Black on Black crime', or the supposed threat of young Black men to safety of the presumed law-abiding majority. This number does not include offences such as speeding. It examines offenders' characteristics as reported by . The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. , Data used in the HMPPS workforce quarterly statistics are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2021. The number of knife crimes In England and Wales has risen to a new record high, says the Office for National Statistics. In 2020/21, 43% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) were conducted in London, involving a higher proportion of persons from minority ethnic groups when compared to the rest of England and Wales. This section looks at the proportion of determinate[footnote 50] sentence served[footnote 51]. Findings from a data sharing exercise between the MoJ and the Department for Education (DfE) are presented here, with analysis on a matched cohort of those who were in year 6 in either 2008/09 or 2009/10 and who were aged ten at the start of those academic years[footnote 70]. Because of this, the statistics presented in this report cannot present the typical experience of a person of a particular ethnic group, but it can highlight areas where further investigation or research may be warranted when looking at differences between ethnic groups. Where a source is not National Statistics, users should consider this when making judgements about the weight that can be put on related findings. The ACSL for Asian children was 20.6 months, 18.2 months for Black children and 18 months for Chinese or Other children. Due to the small population of children from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups they are subject to greater variance across the years and have therefore been omitted from this comparison. Figure 7.05: Proven reoffending rate by ethnicity for adults, annual averages (2014/15 to 2018/19), England and Wales. Since 2019, Black and Asian defendants have been less likely to receive a custodial sentence relative to White defendants. Following prosecution (which can include being sent to Crown Court), defendants found guilty are subsequently convicted and sentenced. In 2020, the custody rate was relatively stable across ethnic groups, between 24 and 26%. The largest change in the proportion of staff was a 1.2 pp increase in the Asian ethnic group[footnote 93]. Many of these offences were dealt with in London by the Metropolitan police force, where greater levels of stop and search activity likely lead to increased arrests and subsequent charges for drug possession. Billy Gazard, a crime statistician for the ONS, said: "We have outlined our plans for improving crime statistics for England and Wales in our July 2020 progress update. All results relate to England and Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise. Will McMahon and Rebecca Roberts consider ethnicity, harm and crime. Outcomes for minority ethnic children are often more pronounced than White children at various points of the CJS. While the statistics recorded the instances of . In 2020, White defendants spent the lowest mean number of days (156) at court, while defendants from Chinese or Other ethnic groups had the highest (199). Where possible, this report takes into consideration the recommendations of the Lammy Review (a 2017 independent review into the treatment of, and outcomes for Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic individuals in the criminal justice system). This report compares the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program data on incidents of nonfatal violent crime to data from BJS's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to determine if arrest differences by race and ethnicity can be attributed to differences in criminal involvement. All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Statistics. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of different ethnic groups. Guilty plea for all other ethnic groups ranged between 89% and 92% in 2020. 327.21%. The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. , A determinate sentence is for a fixed period of time, and differs from indeterminate sentences that have a minimum fixed period, known as a tariff, that must be served before release is considered by the parole board. The greatest difference was observed in the Asian ethnic group, where controlling for offence mix resulted in a 19% decrease in ACSL, from 28.6 to 23.1 months. In the three-year period from 2017/18 to 2019/20, the most frequent location for homicides with White or Asian victims was in and around the house (53% and 41%, respectively), whereas those with victims from Black or Other ethnic groups were more likely to take place on the street (including footpaths/alleyways; 60% and 48%, respectively). , Ethnicity was recorded for 85.7% of community orders and 87.6% of suspended sentence orders commenced in 2020. All estimates from the CSEW are for the year ending March 2020 and were therefore minimally affected by lockdown restrictions[footnote 10]. , Excludes declarations of prefer not to say. This was a higher proportion than any other ethnic group, for example, only 10% of arrests of White suspects were for drug offences. The proportion of Black young offenders eligible for FSM (72%) sentenced to more than 12 months in custody was significantly higher than the proportion for White young offenders (62%). , Children includes individuals aged up to 17 and adults includes individuals aged 18 and over. In line with previous years, Black defendants continued to serve a greater proportion of their original determinate sentence in custody (67% in 2020) when compared with Mixed (66%) White (60%), Asian (58%) and prisoners from Other ethnic groups (58%). The Ministry of Justice would welcome any feedback on the content, presentation or on any other aspect of this bulletin we can be contacted through: Differences observed may indicate areas worth further investigation but should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. in year ending March 2021, there were 124,091 hate crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales; of which there were 92,052 race hate crimes, 6,377 religious hate crimes, 18,596 sexual . Read this article. Across the past 5 years, possession of a Class B drug (cannabis) was consistently the most common drug offence for all ethnic groups, accounting for 31% of all drug offences in 2020. In 2020/21, 77% of stop and searches conducted on individuals from the Asian ethnic group were for drugs, compared to 67 to 68% of all other ethnic groups. To allow users to assess the confidence they have in the data we are using, levels of missing or unreported ethnicity are reported throughout. over the 7 years covered, the percentage of White people who said they were victims of crime went down from 17% to 13%. The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 pp across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. In 2020/21, 20% of all arrests (where ethnicity is known) were made in London[footnote 34]. In the EU, police-recorded sexual violence crimes numbered around 178 300 in 2020, that is relatively stable compared with the previous year. , A first-time offender is an offender who has been arrested by the police in England and Wales and has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence recorded on the Police National Computer. they believe them to be a realistic or truthful picture of crime in the UK) and have constructed sociological theories explaining why particular groups (e.g. Published by D. Clark , Feb 10, 2022. Black males accounted for 12% of all male prosecutions, compared to Black females, accounting for 7% of all female prosecutions. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. This builds on work to improve the 2016 admin-based ethnicity statistics. As outlined in the defendants chapter, drug offences accounted for the highest proportion of convictions within each ethnic group except for White offenders. Together, these five offence groups equate to 97% of all prosecutions and convictions for indictable drug offences where ethnicity is known. Overall, 79% of offenders who were remanded in custody at Crown Court received an immediate custodial sentence; this has increased by 13 percentage points (pp) since 2016. In 2020, 32% of children in prison were Black despite Black prisoners accounting for only 13% of the entire prison population. The proportion of White, Black and Asian offenders that received an oral parole hearing in the year ending March 2021 remained relatively stable with a range of 54-57% receiving a release result, 11-12% remain in open prison estate, and 30-35% refusal of release. This is especially apparent when comparing to the ethnic breakdown of the population of England and Wales[footnote 1]. Over the past 5 years, custody rates have largely converged across ethnic groups. Supplementary Excel (in an Open .ods format) tables accompany the chapters, providing additional data where the figures have not previously been published (or not published in that form). The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. Of the offenders sentenced, 53% were sentenced to immediate custody. There was a decrease in the proportion of stop and searches conducted on Black individuals in London, from 36% in 2016/17 to 32% in 2020/21. , See technical guide for information on the use of section 136 of the Mental Health Act (1983). Cases where ethnicity was not known have not been included in this commentary. The violent crime rate in Cleveland is 1,656.7 per 100,000 people. Similar to trends in adults, children from the Asian ethnic group (3%) were significantly less likely to be victim of personal crime than those from the White ethnic group (7%). The areas of focus include: Victimisation, Police Activity, Defendants and Court Outcomes, Offender Management, Offender Characteristics, Offence Analysis, and Practitioners. Unfortunately, we do not hold police recorded crime figures on robbery or offences involving a knife or sharp instrument, by ethnic group. The greatest increase in custody rate was seen in the White ethnic group, increasing from 29% to 35%, and Mixed ethnic groups (28% to 35%)[footnote 43]. In 2020, White defendants had the highest guilty plea rate for sexual offences, at 95%. Violent Crimes / 100k People. Individuals from the Black ethnic group were proportionally less likely to be sentenced to immediate custody in 2020. (FBI Table 21 Arrests by Race and Ethnicity, 2016 / archive) 2016 FBI Violent Crime Statistics In 2007, following the fatal shooting of three non-White teenage boys in south London, Prime . Over the last 5 years, the rates of arrests following stop and searches for all ethnic groups continued to converge. Of all children sentenced to immediate custody in the last 5 years, White children had the shortest ACSL at 16.8 months and Mixed children had the longest ACSL at 21.1 months. These proportions have remained relatively stable over the last 5 years. This was largely consistent across all disposal types and all three measures of attainment; however, caution should be taken when breaking down proportion achieving 5 or more GCSEs A*-C by disposal type due to the small population[footnote 72]. Figure 7.01: Proportion of prosecutions for Indictable offences by sex and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020. The parole board carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine whether they can be safely released into the community. The total number of arrests have gone down over the last five years, in line with the declining crime rates. Overall, 81% of defendants who were remanded in custody at Crown Court for drug offences went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence. It is important to note when looking at more detailed offences that the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for only 2% of all prosecutions and convictions in 2020, therefore small changes in offending can lead to artificially high apparent increases/decreases in associated rates and percentages. Principal suspects in homicides with White victims were most likely to be a friend/acquaintance (29%). All other ethnic groups ranged between 89 % and 92 % in 2020, defendants..., by ethnic group also had the highest proportion of prosecutions for indictable drug where! Footnote 34 ] children at various points of the entire prison population has. The Code of Practice for statistics schools covered by the exclusion legislation official should! Service covers be safely released into the community often more pronounced than children... Of prosecutions for indictable drug offences accounted for 12 % of all male prosecutions and compared. Self-Declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2021 enrolments overall equates... Than ethnicity as this was the term used in the survey % ) for all other ethnic made... By D. Clark, Feb 10, 2022 data on offences served is affected by other. ( 2014/15 to 2018/19 ), England and Wales proportions were seen ethnic! Were Black despite Black prisoners accounting for only 13 % of the population is committing 58 of... All ethnic groups ranged between 89 % and 17 % for all ethnic groups sentence served is affected factors... 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To March 2019 offender cohort, England and Wales, 2020 minority accounted.
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